Use "how much" or "how

не должный мне ни в чем)

холодильника. Какой бы вы использовали и почему? очень нужно сейчас помогите Пожалуйста

entity with a single consciousmind. This is not, of course, the case. To understand reportsof market behaviour you have to bear in mind the way themarket works.

A market is simply a mechanism, which allows individualsor organizations to trade with each other. Markets bringtogether buyers and sellers of goods and services. In somecases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meetphysically. In other cases, such as the stock market,business can be transacted over the telephone, almost byremote control. There's no need to go into these details.Instead, we use a general definition of markets.

A market is a shorthand expression for the process by whichhouseholds' decisions about consumption of al-ternativegoods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, andworkers' decisions about how much and for whom to workare all reconciled by adjustment of prices.

Prices of goods and of resources, such as labour,machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resourcesare used to produce those goods and services that societydemands.

Much of economics is devoted to the study of how marketsand prices enable society to solve the problems of what,how and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy ahamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do withmarkets and prices? You chose the cafe because it wasfast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, andyour limited resources, the low hamburger price told you thatthis was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You proba-blyprefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak ishigh enough to ensure that society answers the "for whom"question about lunchtime steaks in favour of someone else.

Now think about the seller's viewpoint. The cafe owner is inbusiness because, given the price of hamburger meat, therent and the wages that must be paid, it is still possible tosell hamburgers at a profit. If rents were higher, it might bemore profitable to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area or toswitch to luxury lunches for rich executives on expenseaccounts.. The student behind the counters working therebecause it is a suitable part-time job, which pays a bit ofmoney. If the wage were much lower it would hardly beworth, working at all. Conversely, the job is unskilled andthere are plenty of students looking for such work, soowners of cafes do not have to offer very high wages.

Prices are guiding your decision to buy a hamburger, theowner's decision to sell hamburgers, and the student'sdecision to take the job. Society is allocating resources –meat, buildings, and labour – into hamburger productionthrough the price system. If nobody liked hamburgers, theowner could not sell enough at a price that covered the costof running the cafe and society would devote no resources tohamburger production. People's desire to eat hamburgersguides resources into hamburger production. However, ifcattle contracted a disease, thereby reducing the economy'sability to produce meat products, competition to purchasemore scarce supplies of beef would bid up the price of beef,hamburger producers would be forced to raise prices, andconsumers would buy more cheese sandwiches for lunch.Adjustments in prices would encourage society to reallocateresources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.

There were several markets involved in your purchase of ahamburger. You and the cafe owner were part of the marketfor lunches. The student behind the counter was part of thelocal labour market. The cafe owner was part of the localwholesale meat market and the local market for rentedbuildings. These descriptions of markets are not veryprecise. Were you part of the market for lunches, the marketfor prepared, food or the market for sandwiches to which youwould have turned if hamburgers had been moreexpensive? That is why -we have adopted a very generaldefinition of markets, which emphasizes that they arearrangements through, which prices influence the allocationof scarce resources.

Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text

1 To understand reports of market behaviour you have to …the way the market works

2. ...On the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by … . 3. ...A market is a … expression for the process by which households’ decisions about consumption of goods, firms’ decisions about what and how to produce, and workers’ decisions about how much and for whom to work are all … by ….

4. Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices … society to solve the problems.

5. …. your desire to eat and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to … your appetite.

1) we have got ...
2) he has got ...
3) they have got ...
4) she has not got ...
5) it has got ...
6) I have not got ...

9.3) Wtite these sentences with got (I've got / have you got ete.).The meaning is the same.

1)They have two children. .....
2) She doesn't have a key. .....
3) He has a new job. ....
4)They don't have much money. .....
5) Do you have an umbrella? ....
6)We have a lot of work to do. ....
7)I don't have your phone number. ....
8) Does your father have a car? ....
9) How much money do we have? .....


9.4) Wtite have got ('ve got),has got('s got), haven't got or hasn't got.

2)They like animals. They ... three dogs and two cats.
3) Charles isn't happy. He ... a lot of problems.
4)They don't read much. They ... many books.
5)'What's wrong?' 'I .... something in my eye.'
6)'Where's my pen?' 'I don't know. I .... it.'
7) Julia wants to go to the concert,but she ... a ticket.

9.5) Complete the sentences. Use have/has got or haven't/hasn't got with: a lot of friends , four wheels , six legs , much time , a key .

1)Most cars ....
2) Everybody likes Tom. He ....
3) I can't open the door. I ....
4) An insect ...
5)We must hurry. We ....

The theory of supply is the theory of how much output firms choose to produce. The principal assumption of the supply theory is that the producer will maintain the level of output at which he maximizes his profit. Profit can be defined in terms of revenue and costs. Revenue is what the firm earns by selling goods or services in a given period such a year. Costs are the expenses which are necessary for producing and selling goods or services during the period. Profit is the revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used.

\ 1. I never lend things from my brother. He often forgets to return them. \
\2. Im afraid Ill have to lend some money to you. - Its OK. How much do you need?\
3. May I lend your pen? - Sure. Here you are.\
4. Dont borrow any money to Alice. She wont give it back. 5. Mary wants to lend that grammar textbook from you. - I cant give it to her now. Im using it. \
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