сервис вопросов и ответовReports in the press tend to say "the market did this" or "themarket expected good news on the economic front", as if themarket were a single living
10-11 класс|
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entity with a single consciousmind. This is not, of course, the case. To understand reportsof market behaviour you have to bear in mind the way themarket works.
A market is simply a mechanism, which allows individualsor organizations to trade with each other. Markets bringtogether buyers and sellers of goods and services. In somecases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meetphysically. In other cases, such as the stock market,business can be transacted over the telephone, almost byremote control. There's no need to go into these details.Instead, we use a general definition of markets.
A market is a shorthand expression for the process by whichhouseholds' decisions about consumption of al-ternativegoods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, andworkers' decisions about how much and for whom to workare all reconciled by adjustment of prices.
Prices of goods and of resources, such as labour,machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resourcesare used to produce those goods and services that societydemands.
Much of economics is devoted to the study of how marketsand prices enable society to solve the problems of what,how and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy ahamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do withmarkets and prices? You chose the cafe because it wasfast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, andyour limited resources, the low hamburger price told you thatthis was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You proba-blyprefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak ishigh enough to ensure that society answers the "for whom"question about lunchtime steaks in favour of someone else.
Now think about the seller's viewpoint. The cafe owner is inbusiness because, given the price of hamburger meat, therent and the wages that must be paid, it is still possible tosell hamburgers at a profit. If rents were higher, it might bemore profitable to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area or toswitch to luxury lunches for rich executives on expenseaccounts.. The student behind the counters working therebecause it is a suitable part-time job, which pays a bit ofmoney. If the wage were much lower it would hardly beworth, working at all. Conversely, the job is unskilled andthere are plenty of students looking for such work, soowners of cafes do not have to offer very high wages.
Prices are guiding your decision to buy a hamburger, theowner's decision to sell hamburgers, and the student'sdecision to take the job. Society is allocating resources –meat, buildings, and labour – into hamburger productionthrough the price system. If nobody liked hamburgers, theowner could not sell enough at a price that covered the costof running the cafe and society would devote no resources tohamburger production. People's desire to eat hamburgersguides resources into hamburger production. However, ifcattle contracted a disease, thereby reducing the economy'sability to produce meat products, competition to purchasemore scarce supplies of beef would bid up the price of beef,hamburger producers would be forced to raise prices, andconsumers would buy more cheese sandwiches for lunch.Adjustments in prices would encourage society to reallocateresources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.
There were several markets involved in your purchase of ahamburger. You and the cafe owner were part of the marketfor lunches. The student behind the counter was part of thelocal labour market. The cafe owner was part of the localwholesale meat market and the local market for rentedbuildings. These descriptions of markets are not veryprecise. Were you part of the market for lunches, the marketfor prepared, food or the market for sandwiches to which youwould have turned if hamburgers had been moreexpensive? That is why -we have adopted a very generaldefinition of markets, which emphasizes that they arearrangements through, which prices influence the allocationof scarce resources.
Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
1 To understand reports of market behaviour you have to …the way the market works
2. ...On the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by … . 3. ...A market is a … expression for the process by which households’ decisions about consumption of goods, firms’ decisions about what and how to produce, and workers’ decisions about how much and for whom to work are all … by ….
4. Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices … society to solve the problems.
5. …. your desire to eat and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to … your appetite.
Dfghjkl1283
18 июля 2013 г., 18:02:51 (10 лет назад)
97Sanya97
18 июля 2013 г., 19:07:03 (10 лет назад)
1) To understand reports of market behaviour you have to bear in mind the way the market works;
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Pete and Nell go to the pictures
One day Pete phoned Nell and. invited her to the pictures. "What film are we going to see?" — she asked. "Oh, it's the one based on the famous Agatha Christie's novel "Witness for the prosecution". "OK, We'll meet near the cinema at 7".
And would you like to join them and see the film? I'm sure you would. So here are some scenes from the script of the film.
Scene I
(The office of Sir Wilfred, one of the finest and most experienced barristers in London. Leonard Vole, a hand¬some young man of about thirty and Mr. Mayherne, his solicitor come to the office. Mr. Mayherne urges Sir Wilfred to take the case of Leonard Vole, who may be arrested any minute on the charge of murdering Mrs. Emily French. Mrs. French, a wealthy widow, was murdered two days ago. She left 80,000 to Leonard Vole, who had visited Mrs. French earlier in the evening on the night of the murder).
MAYHERNE: It's the case of Mrs. Emily French. You've probably seen the reports in the press. When the housekeeper returned from her day off, she found her mistress dead, struck on the back of the head and killed.
SIR WILFRED: I see.
MAYHERNE: I'm sure Vole is harmless chap caught in the web of circumstantial evidence.
VOLE: I haven't murdered anybody, It’ s absurd! But my wife Christine thought I might need a lawyer. That's why I went to see Mr. Mayherne. But now I have two lawyers. It's rather silly, don't you think?
MAYHERNE: Vole, I am a solicitor. Sir Wilfred is a barrister. Only a barrister can plead a case in court. Mr. Vole, isn't it obvious to you that you will be regarded as I he principal suspect in this case? I'm very much afraid you'll be arrested.
Scene II
(Mr. Vole is arrested and now he's in the prisoner's box in one of the courtrooms of the Old Bailey. It is the first day of Vole's trial. The court is in session. The judge is presiding. The jury, consisting of nine men and three women are in the jury box. The counsels for the Prosecution and Defense are in their seats.)
COURT CLERK: Leonard Stephen Vole, you are charged on indictment that you on the 14-th day of October in the County of London murdered Emily Jane French. How say you, Leonard Stephen Vole, are you guilty or not guilty?
VOLE: Not guilty.
JUDGE: Members of the jury, by the oath you have just taken you swore to try this case on the evidence. (To
the prosecutor.) You may proceed for the prosecution, Mr. Myers.
MYERS (rising): The facts in this case are simple. You will hear how the prisoner made the acquaintance of Mrs. Emily French, a woman of 56, how he was treated by her with kindness. Medical testimony will be introduced to prove that death was caused by a blow from a blunt and heavy instrument and it is the case for the Prosecution1
II hat the blow was made by the prisoner Leonard Vole!
VOLE: That's not true! I didn't do it!
MYERS: Among the witnesses you will hear police evidence, also the one of Mrs. French's housekeeper Janet ]Mackenzie, and from the medical and laboratory experts, and the evidence of the murdered woman's solicitor, who drew up her final will.
(The prosecutor proceeds with examination of his witnesses, but cross-examination by Sir Wilfred makes their evidence look rather weak.)
ON OR AROUND October 12,1999, a Very Important Baby will be born somewhere in the world. The baby`s arrival is not in itself big news, since three are
born every second,but this one will mark world population reaching six billion.The five-billionth baby isn`t even a teenager yet, having been born in 1987. It took all of human history until 1800 for the population to reach its first billion; the second took only until 1930. A mere 69 years later, six billion will be crowding the planet.
In 1999. The population of the world is twice what it was in 1960. Onetenth of all the people who have ever lived on the planet are alive today. We are adding new humans at a rate of 78 million year, and we will continue to do so for most of the next decade. Statistics like these are frightening, but they aren’t the whole population picture. The good news is that fertility rates are declining rapidly all over the world (with the exception of Africa), and have already reached below replacement levels in most industrialised countries. On average, women around the world today have 2.7 children, a dramatic drop from the five they had in the 1950s.
97 per cent of population growth is occurring in developing countries, where health services and family planning remain scarce. By 2050, the developed world will have 1.16 bn people, slightly fewer than today. But the developing world will have doubled, from 4.52 bn in 1995 to 8.2 bn in 2050.
The world’s poorest countries are also the hardest-hit by global disasters like Aids. In the 29 African countries most affected by HIV, average life expectancy has declined by seven years. In Botswana, where one in four is infected, people could expect to live until 61 in 1995. By 2005. Aids is expected to drop life expectancy to 41. Despite that, a phenomenon called “population momentum” will still double Botswana’s population by 2050.
This momentum occurs because the population is becoming not just economically polarised, but demographically polarised, but demographically polarised as well. In 1998, only 66 m people were over 80, but that figure is estimated to increase sixfold by 2050, reaching 370 m. The population has also got younger. The group of young women about to enter their childbearing years is the largest ever.
Momentum accounts for 60 to 70 per cent of population growth, but its impact can be blunted by actions we take today. Demographers point out that girls are stayling in school longer in most of the world, and that educated women want fewer children. Another positive trend, frequently seen in young women who’ve completed secondary school, is a delay in childbearing. If couples uniformly delayed marriage and their first birth by five years, demographers say, the population in 2050 would be two billion less than if they had not waited.
перевести пожалуйто((((((((((((( Today most of us are pretty used to the moon, There it is in the sky — crescent (растущая) or half or full...
Years ago people lived by the changing phases of moon. They kept calendars and holidays by the moon. . They planted seed in the spring's new moon and harvested in the autumn's full moon. And fisherman all over the world told the morrow's (завтрашний) weather by the moon. For many people the moon long remained a mysterious heavenly body that could bring good fortune or ill. It could bring good luck if it was a new moon and you had silver coins in your pocket to jingle (звон). A new moon was also the time to make a wish, take a trip, go a-courting, or cut your hair. But the moon could bring bad luck, too. If you saw a woman combing her hair in the light of the full moon, or you planted seed during the full moon, you would have bad luck. Almost everyone believed if you slept with moonlight on your face, you'd go crazy. Indeed any people believe this that we get the word lunatic from the word for moon, luna. Today, of course, we know that none to these things is true. You can asleep in the moonlight and wake up as normal as you were yesterday. You might harvest your crops in the full moon with poor results or harvest in a sickle moon and do well. You might start your vacation on during the new moon and have a flat tire right away. Nevertheless, there it is... the moon, hanging up there in the sky, seeming to change its shape before our very eyes. No wonder people continue to be fascinated by it. Since the beginning of time, they have tried to explain how it got there and why it behaves the way it does. The first people to try to explain the creation and behaviour of the moon were tribal poets and storytellers. There are hundreds of folktales about the moon.
Хэлп ми!!!! Open the brackets. Put the pronouns in the right form to complete the sentences. 1. I want (you) to tell me the
truth.
2. Our teacher made (we) learn this rule by heart and now we are grateful to her.
3. My father doesn't let (I) go out in the evening. It's not fair!
4. I heard (she) open the door, but I pretended to be asleep.
5. The Browns are not at home tonight. Mike saw (they) leave earlier.
6. I would like (he) to be my friend, but he is too cool.
7. Susan expected (it) to start this morning.
Put the worlds in each group in the correct order to make a sentence, and change the verb in brackets to the correctv form.
1. He/to/Brussels/the/in/once a week/companys head office (fly)
2. the Internet/regularly/to/Many people/bue plane tickets (use)
3. in/some of/ the/the/world/tallest buildings/Taipei (have)
4. hardly ever/UK/serious/The/earthquakes (experience)
5. week/The/a/average junior doctor/60 hours/ (work)
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