This system of buying goods became very common during

tablets. Messages on these tablets were the first private letters. Their inventor, a Greek scholar called Cadmus, wrote letters like this and sent them to his friends by foot messengers.

1.A: I...(see) the dentist this afternoon.
B: I...(see). We can meet tomorrow then.
2.A: Pat...(enjoy) paragliding.
B: And... (he/enjoy) his paragliding holiday in Scotland?
3.A: They...(think) of moving house.
B: I...(not think) it is a goot idea.
4.A: He...(have) a new comtuter game.
B:That s why he...(have) problems doing his homework.
5.A: Who s the girl over there who...(look) at the painting?
B: I am not sure but she...(look) very friendly.
6.A: The band...(appear) on stage next week.
B: Indeed. It...(appear) that lots o people will attend the concert.
7.A: What...(you/smell)?
B: These flowers. They just...(smell) beautiful.
8.A: ...this bag of sugar ...(weigh) more than that one?
B: Hold on, Mum ...(weigh) them now.
9.A: Why....(he/be) so difficult?
B: Oh, some people... (be) just difficult to get on with.
10.A: Why...(you/taste) the soup? It is not ready.
B: It...(taste) too salty. Add some water.

1 Sarah is the youngest person in my family
2 My car is more expensive than yours
3 It is the most interesting book l have ever read

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Progressive from. Comolete the sentences with right pronous.

1. What (be) his advice? - I haven't asked him for ... yet.

2. Your luggage (be) too heavy. They'll have to charge you for ... .

3. Her clothes (show) her good taste. ... really (look) great.

4. The football team (take) a shower at the moment. You can talk to ... .

5. Physics ( become) one of the most important subjects in our school. We all enjoy studying ... .

6. The weather in this part of the world (change) very fast. You have to check ... before going out.

7. Where (be) my jeans?Have you seen ... ?

8. These gloves always (keep) me warm. You should try ... on.

9. Her good looks (make) her very proud. - Yes , she thinks about ... all the time.

10. The news you brought (change) everything. We need to discuss ... as soon as possible.

11. His money (be) on the table. He always forgets where he has left ... .

12. They (change) posters on the Opera House. - I know. A new ballet (come) here next week.

In some countries such as France (where there are 9 jurors), the judgesand jurors decide the case together. In the United States juries decide if the defendant is guilty but sometimes also have a say in what punishment he should receive. Before World War II, Japan also had a jury system, but it was often criticized for the ease with which jurors could be bribed. Now Japan, like South Korea, is a rare example of a modern industrialized coun­try where jurors are not used: all decisions are made by professional judges.

Most countries have special rules for young defendants. Children un­der ten cannot stand trial at all under English law. Juveniles (those under seventeen) are dealt with in special Magistrates Courts known as Juvenile Courts.

A defendant found guilty by the magistrates may appeal against the find­ing or against the punishment to the local Crown Court, and the CrownСourt judge will hear the appealwithout a jury. If a defendant has good reason to believe the magistrates have made a mistake about a point of law, then he may appeal to the High Court.The appeal system is mostly for the benefit of the defendant, but there are cases of the prosecution successfully appealing for a more severepunishment. In Japan it is even possible for the prosecution to appeal that a non-guilty decision be changed to guilty.

Appeals from the Crown Court go first to the High Court and, in spe­cial cases, to the Court of Appeal. Occasionally, a case is carried through this system of appeal all the way to the House of Lords.

In many countries, such as Japan and United States, the highest jurid­ical decisions are made by a Supreme Court.Its members are appointed from the lower courts by the government

state.

The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.

Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country’s Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.

Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.

Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange. The right в property is the central institution of civil law.

The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.

Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.

Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is law? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the main aim of law? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does each branch of law deal with? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

So I want to introduce you to a concept known as the
sunk cost fallacy. Imagine that you’re going to the store and you’re
halfway there when you realize, “Oh wait, the store is actually closed
today.” But you figure, “Well, I’ve already come ten blocks. I might
as well just go all the way to the store, you know, so that my ten
blocks of walking won’t have been wasted. Well, this is a transparently
silly way to reason and I doubt that any of us would actually go all
the way to a store that we knew was closed just because we’d already
gone ten blocks.

But this pattern of thinking is actually surprisingly
common in scenarios that are a little bit less obvious than the store
example. So, say you’re in a career and it’s becoming more and more
clear to you that this isn’t actually a fulfilling career for you.
You’d probably be happier somewhere else. But you figure I’ll just
stick with it because I don’t want my past ten years of effort and time
and money to have been wasted. So the time and money and effort and
whatever else you’ve already spent is what we call the sunk cost. It’s
gone no matter what you do going forward. And now you’re just trying to
decide given that I’ve already spent that money or time or whatever,
what choice is going to produce the best outcome for my future.
And the sunk cost fallacy then means making a choice
not based on what outcome you think is going to be the best going
forward but instead based on a desire not to see your past investment go
to waste.
Once you start paying attention to the sunk cost
fallacy you’ll probably notice at least a few things that you would like
to be doing differently. And maybe those will be small scale things
like, in my case, I now am much more willing to just abandon a book if a
hundred pages in I conclude that I’m not enjoying it and I’m, you know,
not getting any value out of it rather than trudging through the
remaining 200-300 pages of the book just because I don’t want, you know,
my past investment of a hundred pages, the time that I spent reading
those hundred pages to go to waste.

And you might notice some large things, too. For
example, I was in a Ph.D. program and started realizing, “Gee, this
really isn’t the field for me.” And you know, it’s a shame that I have
spent the last several years preparing for and working in this Ph.D.
program but I genuinely predict going forward that I’d be happier if I
switched to another field. And sometimes it really does take time to
fully acknowledge to yourself that you don’t have any good reason to
stick with the job or Ph.D. or project that you’ve been working on so
long because sunk costs are painful. But at least having the sunk cost
fallacy on your radar means that you have the opportunity at least to
push past that and make the choice that instead will lead to the better
outcomes for your future.