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I.
"From today painting is dead!" decrarcd the French painter Paul
Delaroche in 1839, the year a process for making photographic images was
discovered. Delaroche voiced the expectations of many: that the
camera's ability to capture in an instant every detail of the real world
would spell the end of painting and drawing, and that photography was
the art of the future. At the same time the opposing camp claimed that
photography was a science, not an art — a mechanical process that could
never compete with the sensitive hand of the painter in feeling or
expression.

II. Since 1839 photography has become part of our
life, it is widely used in science, medicine, anthropology, geography,
journalism, advertising — but its close relationship with art has
continued.
In the early 20th century the famous American photographer
Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) put forward the idea of "pure" photography
with aesthetic value beyond its descriptive or utilitarian function.
This modernist view influenced a generation of photographers. While many
Americans found inspira¬tion in nature, in Europe photography
celebrated the rhythm and speed of mod¬ern society, the dynamism of the
machine age.
At the same time a certain group of photographers found
the unexpected in the commonplace. For example, a plant seen close up
looks machine-made, and a street scene from above becomes an almost
abstract pattern: ordinary things are transformed by a point of view.
Many
photographers now regarded as great masters would never have thought of
themselves as artists at all. Their aim was to document the life they
saw around them. Recording the lives of common people, they created
powerful and dignified images that spoke about the problems of the
society they lived in, about human suffering and hope.
In the second
half of the 20th century photography and art became more closely
connected. Pop artists like Andy Warhol (1928-87) often used
photographic images and concepts in their work.
In recent years, many
photographers have turned their attention from the world "out there" to
express themselves by staging their own events, constructing their own
images for the camera, inviting us to the private world of their
imagi¬nation.

KINGDOM

1. Britons, and the English in particular, are notoriously undemonstrative. The “stuff upper lip” is not just the stuff of fiction and emotional displays, positive or negative, are generally frowned upon. Gestures such as backslapping and hugging are discouraged and a wide distance should be maintained between participants in a conversation. Maintaining eye contact may be necessary when you are trying to emphasize important points but you must avoid any temptation to “eye-ball”. Talking loudly is unacceptable and shouting is beyond the pale. Some old-fashioned interlocutors may not hear you if you have your hands in your pockets. The British do not gesticulate frantically.

2. Introductions can be tricky. Ideally the British prefer third-party introductions but in certain situations, like a drinks party, it may not always be possible and, though awkward, you may just have to go ahead and introduce yourself. Firm handshakes are the norm as part of a formal introduction but may not be expected at subsequent meetings or on social occasions; a gentleman should always wait for a woman to proffer her hand before squeezing it gently. The continental habit of exchanging kisses has gained currency especially amongst the young and the affected but is not recommended for visitors – even the natives are unsure of the correct procedure.

3. “How do you do?” is a greeting not a question. It is used when people are introduced for the first time only and the correct response is to repeat “How do you do?” which is a more or less sincere enquiry as to your well-being.

4. This emotional detachment or even apparent indifference also explains the British abhorrence of Americanisms such as “Have a nice day”. The objection lies not in the sentiment itself but in the lack of sincerity that is implied to the stand-offish British mentality.

5. If the British use few words, it is because they prefer to mean those they do use. They are polite and courteous for the most part. They expect to be treated with respect, in turn for which they will treat you with respect, so: – if there is a queue, go to the back of the line and wait patiently; - do not use the “V” – sign (raising the index and middle fingers) unless you are sure which is the Churchillian version signifying peace or victory (palm outwards); the use of the alternative version (palm inwards) is less common nowadays but is still vulgar and offensive.

6. A service charge of 10-15 % is almost always included in hotel and restaurant bills and you should be wary of establishments that leave the credit card slip open for you to include an additional contribution (if you wish to reward exceptional service give cash directly to the staff). Do not tip bar staff in pubs where there is no table service. Otherwise taxi drivers (especially in London), hairdressers, porters, etc. will expect 10-15 % or a couple of pounds, whichever is the greater.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. What kind of people are Britons?

2. What kind of introductions do the British prefer?

3. What does “How do you do?” mean in Britain?

4. What are the norms of public behaviour in Britain?

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вопросы (вторая фотка)

state.

The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

The system of law in our country consists of different branches of law.

Constitutional law is a leading branch of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country’s Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.
Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of the government and ministries.

Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.

Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of social life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange. The right в property is the central institution of civil law.

The rules of labour law include the legislation on the labour of industrial and office workers and matters arising from labour relations.

Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Criminal law takes the form of а criminal code consisting of а general and special part.

Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is law? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the main aim of law? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What branches of law does the system of law in our country consist of? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does each branch of law deal with? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

American History. It was my first visit there and it was fun! How often do you go to
museums with your class, if at all? Which museum is your favorite or what
museum would you like to visit? Why do you think people should go there?
This summer we plan to go hiking with my parents."

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