Вы можете мне помочь; Choose one of the characters you remember well from your favourite book(s). Describe him/her.

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carrying out duties.

Police discipline codes are designed to prevent any abuse of the

considerable powers enjoyed by a police officer, lo ensure the

impartiality of the service in its dealings with the public and to maintain

public confidence. Statutory procedures, including an independent

element, govern the way in which complaints from the public against

the police are handled. The establishment in 1985 of the independent

Police Complaints Authority, with powers to supervise the investigation

of any serious complaint against a police officer, substantially

reformed the complaints system in England and Wales. In Scotland

complaints against police officers involving allegations of any form of

criminal conduct are investigated by independent public prosecutors.

In Northern Ireland the Independent Commission for Police

Complaints is required to supervise any case involving death or serious

injury and has the power to supervise the formal investigation of any

other complaint if it so wishes; in certain circumstances the Secretary

of State may direct the Commission to supervise the investigation of

matters that are not the subject of a formal complaint.

Police work ranges from the protection of people and property,

road or street patrolling (the trend is increasingly away from the car

patrol and back to 'community' policing on foot) and traffic control to

crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders. In

urban areas, particularly, police officers have to deal with social

Most forces have community liaison departments to co-ordinate

their efforts to produce good relations with the community. The

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 requires arrangements to be

made for obtaining the views of people in the area about the policing of

it and for obtaining their co-operation with the police in preventing

crime. Almost all areas have police/community consultative groups

which enable people to discuss issues of concern with the police in a

constructive spirit. Particular greater contact with schools, for example.

Emphasis is also placed on relations with ethnic minorities; racially

discriminatory behaviors by police officers is an offence under the

Police Discipline Code, and training in community relations is

available to officers.

To release as many uniformed police officers as possible for

operational duties, police authorities employ over 41,500 civilians

{including part-time employees) in England and Wales and over 2,530

in Scotland. ; The number of civilian support staff has been growing

as forces secure I economies by replacing police officers with

civilians where posts do not I require police powers and training.

Traffic wardens (of whom there are I over 4,700 in England and

Wales and about 540 in Scotland) carry out I specified duties

concerned with traffic and parking. Wardens are under i the control of

the chief constable.

Each force has an attachment of volunteer special constables

who I perform police duties in their spare time, without pay, acting

mainly as i auxiliaries to the regular force. In Northern Ireland there is

a part-time , and full-time paid reserve.

Members of the police service may not belong to a trade union nor

may I they withdraw their labour in furtherance of a trade dispute. A]l

ranks, I however, have their own staff associations to represent their interests.

corner of New York State, where the Hudson River empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Five towns joined together make up the city of New York. The town of Manhattan takes up Manhattan Island. The Bronx, another town, is on the mainland, north of Manhattan and Queens. The fifth town, Staten Island, is in New York Bay. Beginning in the 1880s, great numbers of Europeans moved to the United States. Many of them landed first in Statue of Liberty as they antered New York Bay. The “Big Apple”, as New York City is nicknamed, has an energy that few other cities can equal. John F. Kennedy International Airport is one of the busiest in the world. More ships come into New York’s harbour than into any other port in the world. The city is a leading many Factoring center. It’s chief industries are clothing, printing and publishing. New York can be called the financial capital of the world. The United Nations has it’s headquarters in Manhattan. New York is a great cultural and educational center, too. It is the art, music and drama capital of the United States. It is museums, art galleries, libraries, zoos, and botanical gardens are world famous. If you want to have a good view of New York City, you can do it from the top of the World Trade Center (110 stories) or from the Empire State Building (102 stories). You can see the newest plays and shows on Broadway. If you are interested in art, you should visit the famous Metropolitan Art Museum. If you want to sit quietly and people-watch, you should go to one of the city’s many parks. The largest of them is Central Park

1. If you lost your pocket money in the classroom, a real friend would
a) look for it everywhere.
b) tell the teacher about it.
c) share his pocket money with you.
2. If you asked for help with Maths homework, a real friend would
a) give you his / her homework to copy.
b) explain how to do it.
c) suggest doing the homework together.
3. If you were ill and could not go to a party, a real friend would
a) stay at home too.
b) go to the party alone.
c) come to your place instead of the party.
4. If you were laughed at in school, a real friend would
a) try to cheer you up.
b) have a fight for you.
c) tell the teacher about it.

towns for a few days of rest. Holmes wanted to devote his spare time to reading magazines at the University library and making chemical experiments in one of the laboratories.

Mayan Civilisation of Central America. The disappearance of one of the great civilisations of the ancient world puzzled scientists for years, as they searched for clues among the ruined and deserted Mayan cities. How could a sophisticated culture with its knowledge of mathematics and astronomy vanish into thin air? At its height in about 800 AD, there were probably about 13 million •Mayans supporting elaborate cities with grand pyrarnid temples. Their lands extended from Chichen Itza on Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, through Tikal in Guatemala to Copan in Honduras. And then, almost instantly, everything collapsed. Researchers have recently discovered that it was in fact climate change that caused the collapse of Mayan culture. It coincides directly with several periods of intense drought each lasting about a decade. The worst drought lasted between about 760 and 800 AD. Each one put more intense pressure on an already fragile civilisation. The cities were densely populated. But they relied on corn-growing farmers who didn't produce enough to sustain both themselves and the city dwellers. Even though the Maya built reservoirs to collect water, their crops still depended on seasonal rains. Their land had few rivers, being mostly dry limestone. When the rains failed, the water for drinking and agriculture simply ran out. With few reserves and lacking what became crucial for survival, Mayan Civilisation died. History has many examples of cultures that collapsed in other parts of the world. Almost 3,500 years ago, a drought lasting about 200 years terminated a flourishing society in Mesopotamia. Scientists know from studying the rings in trees that a drought in about 1130 AD destroyed the Anasazi culture of the Chaco Canyon in New Mexico, USA. But not all societies have had to surrender to the devastating effects of drought. The Chumash, of California's Channel Islands, apparently changed their behaviour in response to climate change. When deadly droughts threatened their survival, these hunter-gatherers became traders. What can modern societies learn from the Maya's downfall? Supplies of clean water are one of the biggest problems facing countries all over the world. Australia has experienced record droughts since the start of the 21st century. The western USA uses so much water that the Colorado River is dry by the time it joins the sea. People will have to change their habits even more, in order to survive the climate changes that are predicted in the next decades.