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THE FOUNDATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
The foundation of the United Nations was laid at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, August 2! - September 28, when World War II was coming to its final stage.The United Nation was born as а result of the victory of the anti-Hitler coalition in World War II. The Charter of the United Nations signed in San Francisco of June 25, 1945 by 51 states came into force on October 2, 1945 after it has been ratified by the five great powers - the USSR, the USA the United Kingdom, France and China by the majority of the founder-states. October 24 is now commemorated each year as United Nation Day.

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kinds of violence were more problems for adults than for young people. But now, as official reporta admit, violence, AIDS, drugs and alcohol are more and more associated with youngerst. For many children from poor families violence, drinking problems and all that is associated with poverty becomes more real than reality. The Government surveys show that every fifth teenager who was arrested for criminal actions, was younger that 14 and couldn't be sent to prison. Almost half of teenagers have an experience with drugs, alcohol and sex under age of 16. A lot of teenagers who have drug or alcohol addiction almost never believe that they are dependent. These things are often combined with family and school problems. What has gone wrong? Some specialists explane that the changes of our society, the system of our life force young people to choose their own lifestyle. On the one hand, our society agrees that 15-17-yearold people are old enough to be responsible for what they do and give them quite a lot of freedom and rights. On the other hand, most adults think that teenagers aretoo young to be taken seriously. This misunderstaning produced many problems. Actually, a lot of teenagers say that their parents let them do anything they want and are quite indifferent to their problems. Many teenagers get upset or depressed when they can't dissolve their problems. As a result, it makes them believe that there is only one way out - to stop living and commit suicide. No doubt, the teens' problems will increase. And young people should fell that they are cared for.

notice of. Twice a day, with predictable regularity, the pot boils over. Whenever you look it’s people, people, people. The trains which leave or arrive every few minutes are packed: an endless procession of human sardine tins. The streets are so crowded, there is hardly room to move on the pavement. The queues for buses reach staggering proportions. It takes ages for a bus to get to you because the traffic on the roads has virtually come to a standstill. Even when a bus does at least arrive, it’s so full, it can’t take any more passengers. The smallest unforeseen event can bring about conditions of utter chaos. A power-cut, for instance, an exceptionally heavy snowfall or a minor derailment must always make city-dwellers realize how precarious the balance is. The extraordinary thing is not that people put up with these conditions, but that they actually choose them in preference to anything else. Large modern cities a too big to control. They impose their own living conditions on the people who inhabit them. City-dwellers are obliged by their environment to adopt a wholly unnatural way of life. They lose touch with the land and the rhythm of nature. It’s possible to live such an air conditioned existence in the large city that you are barely conscious of the seasons. A few flowers in a public park (if you have time to visit it) may remind you whether it’s spring or summer. A few leaves clinging to the pavement may remind you it is autumn. Beyond that, what is going on in nature seems totally irrelevant. Tall buildings blot out the sun, traffic fumes pollute the atmosphere. Even the distinction between day and night is lost. The flow of traffic goes on unceasingly and the noise never stops.

like dreams and hopes and possessions and memories and smiles. The relations of family members are based on mutual respect and understanding. But I d like to stress one more family value, which many families in Ukraine cultivate- sharing responsibilities at home. Every family member should have a family duty like Olga Kovalenko, Ukraine taking a dog for a walk, doing the shopping or washing up, etc. If everyone in the family does his fair share, it will unite them and make a close-knit family.

MARKET AND COMMAND ECONOMIES

Economics is a science that analyses what, how, and for whom society pro-duces. The central economic problem is to reconcile the conflict between peo-ple's unlimited demands with society's ability to produce goods and services.

In industrial Western countries markets are to allocate resources. The market is the process by which production and consumption are co¬ordinated through prices.

In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce. Economy cannot rely entirely on command, but there was extensive planning in many Soviet bloc countries.

A free market economy has no government intervention. Resources are allocated entirely through markets.

Modern economies in the West are mixed and rely mainly on the market but with a large doze of government intervention. The optimal level of government intervention remains a problem which is of interest to economists.

The degree of government restrictions differs greatly between countries that have command economies and countries that have free market economies. In the former, resources are allocated by central government planning. In the latter, there is not any government regulation of the consumption, production, and exchange of goods. Between the two main types lies the mixed economy where market and government are both of importance.

INFLATION AND PRICES

Here is a part of a television programme about inflation and prices in the U.K.
The prices are for a pound of food, not a kilo. A pound is about 450 grams.

The reporter:
Inflation in Britain is running at about 15 per cent. These figures don't seem to mean very much, but when you look at the price of food, you understand what inflation means to the ordinary person. These are the prices you have to pay in the supermarket. Flour is 40 pence a pound and rice is 50. For a pound of sugar you'll have to pay 15 pence. Compare that with the price of sugar four years ago and you can see a real price difference.
Tomatoes are 1 pound sterling that's because it's a little early for tomatoes at the moment. Potatoes are 30 pence a pound. Peas and beans are 60 and 90, apples are 75. Onions are 60 pence a pound, bananas 50 and and sausages, the children's favourite, are 2 pounds sterling. Cheese has reached incredible 3 pounds sterling a pound, and if you follow me over here to the meat counter, you'll see a lot more. London has been truly called the most expensive city in the world, though, like all other cities, if you know your way around, you can always find lower prices than people normally pay. Transport is expensive in London compared with other places. The fares on the underground and taxi fares are very high.
Some things are really expensive, accommodation for instance.
Telephone calls to another London number, to say nothing about long distance calls, are rather expensive.
And clothes?.. It's difficult to find an average price for clothes, because there is a big difference in the price range, depending on the kind of shop you buy your clothes in and what quality you buy.